Social protections in Europe are too generous. Discuss Essay - 1

A contrast between opposing values in Hard Times Essay Example for Free

A complexity between restricting qualities in Hard Times Essay The primary episode that includes the bazaar and carnival individuals that I might want to discuss, and that plainly shows the complexity between restricting qualities is on page 34 onwards. Mr Gradgrind, the total apex of truth in the book, goes to visit the Circus individuals to reveal to them that the whimsical Sissy Jupe can no longer go to the school. I have picked this occurrence as it includes a greater amount of the carnival characters than truly at some other time, furthermore the portrayal of the bazaar shows exactly how a long way from the world and estimations of actuality it is. The carnival is the best image for speaking to the option in contrast to all that is certainty in the book; the bazaar is viewed as a universe of puzzle and miracle nearly of enchantment and thought that totally conflicts with the possibility of realities. Gradgrind and Bounderby go to see Sissys father just to discover he has surrendered his little girl, it is then that Mr Gradgrind settles on the chance of taking Sissy to his own home, and teaching her in the methods of certainty from that point. Mr Bounderby and Mr Gradgrind get together during this time and have a meeting of feelings dependent on the reality and laws they have consistently followed, Gradgrind being milder on a fundamental level yet at the same time the reality machine now needs to take Sissy home, however Gradgrind can be heard to state No. I state no. I prompt you not. I state in no way, shape or form. He does this as he is the analogy for reality all through the book and to take somebody elses kid on as your own and show them the methods of certainty, when she has been carrying on with the life of extravagant for a long time appears to be foolish to Bounderby. Notwithstanding, while Gradgrind is having a discussion about the issue with Bounderby, the different individuals from Slearys organization bit by bit assembled from the upper locales The bazaar individuals are portrayed in this section as being amazing tenderness and silliness about these individuals, an extraordinary incompetence for any sort of sharp practice, and an untiring preparation to help and pity each other, meriting frequently as much regard, and consistently as much liberal development, as the consistently ideals of any class of individuals on the planet. Not at all like any semblance of Bounderby and Gradgrind, who can't be depicted as enthusiastic or energetic or anything of the sort downright hard realities Sleary in this part is the genuine rationalist on the thoughts of extravagant he even says it I set out the philothophy of the thubject when thay to you, Thquire, make the betht of uth: not the wurtht! This section obviously show the difference between restricting perspectives and qualities in Hard Times, the carnival shows a totally different world yet is illustrative of an entirely different arrangement of qualities the thoughts of extravagant are spoken to in the topics and scenes with the bazaar. The thing is with the bazaar is that it has practically illusory status things occur there that can't occur anyplace else and it gives off an impression of being a nearly hallucination, for instance The dad of one of the families was prone to adjust the dad of one more of the families on an incredible shaft. These are the things that you would just hope to find in dreams thus in this manner it is whimsical, a total differentiation to the thoughts of certainty showed all through the remainder of Hard Times. A genuine case of how far restricted to the thoughts of reality the carnival is happens on page 12 and 13 when, Mr Gradgrind the manager of realities and carrier of information to Thomas and Louisa Gradgrinds lives, gets them sat viewing the bazaar individuals, he takes the view that the carnival was terrible news, as it contradicts all that he represents Now to think about these drifters pulling in the youthful riffraff from a model school. He sees the possibility of the carnival so whimsical and outsider to him, he feels that to watch a bazaar demonstration is degrade himself or an accomplished youngster. It even says his own scientific Thomas humbling himself on the ground to get yet a foot of the elegant equestrian Tyrolean blossom act! This sentence shows what the contradicting esteems are completely in Hard Times, it is evident from the explanation that anything scientific or outright reasonable is contrary to the whimsical idea of blossom appears and such. Thomas when gotten doesn't dissent yet realizes that to comply with his dads standards he should [give] himself up to be brought home like a machine. That is unmistakably the method of certainty to be machine like, and that is the reason the carnival is such a decent restriction and image of everything reality isnt, Gradgrind censures bazaar like beliefs when he says for the sake of marvel, inertness and imprudence! evidently to dream or to be creative is apathetic in Gradgrinds books. Which is the reason the real manner by which Gradgrind has put together his existence with respect to is so affronted by the thoughts of extravagant as he doesnt like the idea of being considered as being not lethargic but rather that there can be different approaches to buckle down throughout everyday life. Gradgrind is so brimming with the possibility that realities are correct, that he even inquiries and accepts that with every one of these considerations at the removal they could settle on an inappropriate choice, when without a doubt it isnt an instance of good and bad? Simply contradicting perspectives and they do restrict one another! Gradgrind says however Thomas however I have the realities before me I think that its hard to accept that you with your instruction and assets ought to have carried your sister to a scene like this. This causes it to appear as if instruction should slaughter the creative mind, which obviously clashes with the perspectives on the bazaar, which accept that you should try sincerely and act throughout everyday life, except never let the fantasies pass on.

How Shareable Content is Going to Revolutionize Your Business

How Shareable Content is Going to Revolutionize Your Business In 1996, Microsoft founder Bill Gates wrote an essay entitled Content is King. In it, he posits that Content is where I expect much of the real money will be made on the Internet, just as it was in broadcasting.And Gates wasnt wrong. According to some of the most recent statistics available in the field of content marketing and creation:90% of all organizations use content in their marketing efforts82% of consumers feel more positive about a company after reading custom content70% of consumers feel closer to a company as a result of content marketing60% of consumers enjoy reading relevant content from brandsOnline marketing, including social media marketing, can revolutionize the way you spread the word about your business. Photo by Austin Distel on Unsplash.However, there is more to creating great content than simply putting words on a page and publishing them online. In his exploration of the future of online content, Gates noted that, If people are to be expected to put up with tu rning on a computer to read a screen, they must be rewarded with deep and extremely up-to-date information that they can explore at will. They need to have audio, and possibly video. They need an opportunity for personal involvement that goes far beyond that offered through the letters-to-the-editor pages of print magazines.In his essay, Gates foretold the struggle of the print industry in that consumers have gravitated toward online consumption of news, books, and magazines. Beyond the added benefit of video and audio, online content is readily available wherever and whenever a consumer has the time and desire to access it. There is a reward for accessing content online and for the most part, its instant gratification.However, its this concept that is the secret to creating shareable content that will revolutionize your business. Your content needs to be rewarding for your audience to read, and it has to offer something they cant get from print advertising alone. It needs to encour age active involvement and engagement with a companys core philosophy and business goals and it needs to offer the reader something in exchangeâ€"important information to ease the stress of their daily lives, insider tips and how-to advice, or a story/idea that encourages or inspires them. They will, in turn, want to share this contentâ€"hoping it will help someone else as much as it has helped themâ€"and thats how a businesss reputation grows. This inspiring, educational, rewarding content is the kind of content that will prove to be king in your marketing efforts.The cost of content marketingIf your marketing budget is already stretched thin, it might be difficult to imagine the additional cost of paying content creators to help build your online audience. However, your marketing strategy could, in fact, need a complete overhaul because focusing more on shareable online content is going to help you in two ways. First, it will help you save money, since the latest statistics show t hat content marketing costs an average of 62% less than traditional marketing. In fact, per dollar spent, content marketing generates approximately 3 times as many leads as traditional marketing. Second, its going to increase your leads, since statistics show that, on average, companies with blogs produce a 67% increase in leads per month.Buyer personaIf youre convinced its time to revolutionize the way you market your business, the first step you need to take to make the most out of content marketing is to create a buyer persona. A buyer persona is a fictional representation of your average customer, including demographics, education level, demands and purchasing habits. It provides an overview of the type of customer your content should engage and will help your content writers understand the audience they should be reaching, along with what appeals to that audience.Magazines and other publications do this same type of study to determine who their audience is, their media consumpt ion habits, and the type of stories that would be most appealing to their readership. Successful publications have fine-tuned exactly who reads their content and previously published content that has received the most positive response.In many cases, businesses will have several buyer personas to consider, meaning that there are multiple customer or client types to focus on for content marketing strategy. There might also be an negative persona, meaning a customer type you dont want to attract.Creating buyer personas can strengthen your online marketing strategy and help you pinpoint your audience. Photo by Campaign Creators on Unsplash.While they might sound complicated, buyer personas are easy to create, although it can be time-consuming to go through the process. In most cases, interviews are required (with former and current customers) and youll need to spend some time organizing and extrapolating the data from interviews when they have been completed. If you are feeling overwhe lmed with the idea, this article offers a detailed explanation of what a buyer persona is, how to create one, and a free template you can download and use in the process of doing so.Blogging for businessSo, now that weve established the power of content marketing and how to narrow it to the right audience, lets look at what goes into creating content that is shareable. As a general rule, you want to make sure the content your business publishes meets the following criteria:It should be high-quality, relevant and interestingIt should hold your readers attentionIt should improve customer loyalty to your business or brandThe good news is: If you can manage to meet the first two criteria, the last one will be a given. High-quality content that is interesting is the type of content your audience will want to share, whether through email or on social media. By doing so, your business name is connected to a positive message that makes someones day better, whether through helpful tips or re minders to slow down and enjoy the present moment. This kind of messaging strategy will automatically make your audience feel more personally connected to your business or brand.Some engaging content ideas include an article that:Spotlights an employee and his/her hobbiesTells the story of your companyOffers advice related to your companys product or service (for example, if you run a home-cleaning business, you might provide content on tips for keeping your home tidy during hectic times or best cleaning products on the market.)Breaks down complicated information or data from studies conducted that are related to your business or serviceDetails your companys involvement with a local charity or nonprofitOffers a fun contest, such as customer-submitted photos, essays, recipes, etc.Social mediaWhen it comes to increasing brand awareness and attracting more customers, you really cant beat the popularity and cost-effectiveness of social media marketing. The Pew Research Center found that nearly seven-in-ten Americans now use social media. Although social media is especially popular among younger adults (86% of 18- to 29-year-olds are social media users), adults ages 30-49 (80%) and 50-64 (64%) use social media, as well.Your content strategy on social media should be to share the many facets of your business with your potential, present, and future clients. It should present a well-rounded glimpse of what your business offers and the overall philosophy or worldview you embrace in your company culture. You can do this through a variety of different posts, including:Links to your recently (or previously) published blog articlesAnnouncements of special events or open houses for your businessSales, doorbusters, special offers or coupons your business is offeringContests with prizes (this is a great way to encourage your followers to share your post, especially if you make it a requirement for contest entry)Although social media content is part of your businesss overall content marketing strategy, its a separate entity and should be treated as such if you want to be successful at it. Doing it right requires creating an editorial/publication schedule ahead of time and keeping it on track. It also requires consistent monitoring to ensure your brand reputation isnt compromised by spam, foul language, or other potential issues.

The Best Dictionaries for Children in 2019

Is Alexander The Great Still Alive - 1353 Words

She used to take me for a ride up to the Mermaid because she was the one who would ask, Is Alexander the Great still alive? And I would have to answer, He lives and reigns, and conquers the world. Let s go to the me-maid, I asked very often from her. It was a small square with a fountain and a beautiful statue from white marble in the center with a shape of a mermaid. This was near the church of the Transfiguration. When we arrived at the creek, the stream that is at the height of Katsios’ Tavern, we stopped to listen to the frogs and we were laughing with their funny caws. The honeysuckle, or the khanum s hand as they called it, sti Poli (in the City) And when we detected a honeysuckle in some yard she used to ask, Do you know how they call otherwise honeysuckle, sti Poli (in the City of Costantinoupolis)? The khanum s (turkish woman) hand. Please, just have a look at this flower closely, isn t it like a little white hand? Polis, (the City), only with the hearing of that word grandmother was touched, but tried not to show it. When the story began, I looked closely to her eyes. They became watery immediately for Vosporos, Great Pera, Agia Sophia. A thousand and one, the words for the City. Costantinoupolis, Galata Bridge (Kara Keuà ¯), around 1900 A bridge has always had a leading role at this point. A bridge with contradictory personality. Bridges are made to connect two pieces of land, while the bridge in our history, was separating as boundary twoShow MoreRelated Alexander The Great Essay705 Words   |  3 PagesAlexander the Great On July twentieth, 356 B.C. Alexander the Great was born. His Father was Philip, the King of Macedonia. His mother was Olympia, daughter of the late King Epirus. Alexander was quite mature for his age. At 13 he started learning from Aristotle, he was trained with other children. It was at this time that he met Hephastion, his future best Friend. Aristotle gave Alexander training in rhetoric and literature and sparked his Interest in science, medicine, andRead MoreAlexander the Great Summary 16861 Words   |  4 PagesAlexander the Great Alexander the Great was the king of Macedonia, conqueror of the Persian Empire, and one of the greatest military geniuses of all times. Even at an early age, Alexander had the promise to become a great leader. Through all his victories and conquests, he has become a great hero and has had a large impact on history. That is why I chose he book Alexander the Great, by J.R. Hamilton for my review. Hamilton does a very good job with the story of Alexander the Great. The bookRead More Alexander the Great Essay833 Words   |  4 Pages Alexander the Great was born in June, 356 BCE in the ancient capital of Macedonia called Pella. He was the son of Philip II, King of Macedon and Olympia, Princess of Epirus. Alexander inherited his father’s excellent organization skills and his mother’s hot temper. When Alexander was a young boy his mother had taught him that Achilles was his ancestor and that his father is a descendant from Hercules. This inspired Alexander to learn the Iliad by heart and always carry with him. Alexander showedRead MoreA Report On Alexander The Great Essay1269 Words   |  6 PagesSynopsis I did my this day in history report on Alexander the Great. Alexander the great is known for many things. He was king of Macedonia, a military genius, and the greatest conqueror of all time-to name a few. Alexander was taught by many great minds, perhaps most responsible for his greatness was Aristotle. Alexander was given many hard tasks and tremendous responsibilities as a child and teen, which he carried out with ease. As an adult king, Alexander ruled over Macedonia and kept it safe fromRead MoreA Great Man Who Conquered, Then Created The Largest Empire1261 Words   |  6 PagesA great man who conquered, then created the largest empire in the ancient world had lived. Alexander the Great accomplished a lot in his short life conquering vast lands as well as spreading the Greek culture throughout Middle East also Asia. Alexander the Great has many accomplishments in his life, and changed history in more of a passive way than in a direct way because of his character and the accomp lishment he had built over his lifetime. Alexander the Great was born into royalty in MacedoniaRead MoreWhy Did Alexander Invade the Persian Territory1235 Words   |  5 PagesHST 225- 01-TRACEY MARTIN -042267773 â€Å"ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE HELLENISTIC AGE.† Why did Alexander invade the Persian territory? The question on why Alexander invaded the Persian territory has only been guessed at by historians in the past. The true reason why, may never be known. What is known however is the fact that Alexander had continued what many before him had done, invade the Persian territoryRead MoreThe Life Of Alexander The Great1264 Words   |  6 PagesThe Life of Alexander the Great There are many great conquers in the history of this world. Augustus Caesar, Atilla the Hun, Charlemagne, to name a few. But none of these quite measure up to Alexander III of Macedonia. Or, his more common title: Alexander the Great. He conquered much of Asia and the Persian Empire, and left a legacy that will not be forgotten. Alexander III was born in Pella, capitol of Macedonia, on July 20th 356 BC to Olympus, Princess of Epirus, and Philip II, King of MacedoniaRead MoreWhy Alexander the Great Was Great.1002 Words   |  5 Pageswithin the society. In fact, society is even apt of delineating the lives amongst it. However Alexander III, King of Macedon, Pharaoh of Egypt, Supreme Commander in Chief of all Greeks and Emperor of Persia, was not a follower. He was the person leading society; the moulder, the shaper. Through his instantaneous reaction and actuation, he was able to make to important decisions, and it was evident that Alexander was a large influence on his people through the observations of his unconditional courageRead MoreAlexander The Great Was A Young Leader1359 Words   |  6 PagesAlexander the Great was a young leader, with a very successful but very short life ahead of him. Alexander was born in Pella in Greece at the northern part of the country. He started his life at356 BC, and died at the very young age of 33 in 323 BC. After dying from causes that have not been proven yet many theories that he had died from Malaria, due to him being sick and having a very high temperature and fever 10 days leading up to the time he died. Alexander had a range of achievements and theRead MoreSimund Freud and The Treatment of Neurosis and Psychosis1001 Words   |  5 PagesHe died, but is his ideas still alive? In this paper, I will research the ideas and methods of Sigmund Freud as it pertains to the treatment of neurosis and psychosis. First, I will explain what psychoanalysis is, along with neurosis and psychosis. I’ll also go into how psychoanalysis came to be and describe the methods of psychoanalysis. Finally, I will use all my research to come up the answer on whether Sigmund Freud’s ideas and thoughts on psychoanalysis are still alive or just an out of date memory

A Guide to Compare and Contrast Essay Samples

A Guide to Compare and Contrast Essay Samples Now, let's take a close look at how to start your essay. Now the thesis statement can be produced, and the particular details can turn into the paragraphs. There are a lot of possible compare and contrast essay topics, and a number of them are tricky to perform. If it comes to compare and contrast essay, there are two major types of essay structures. To compose a high-quality paper, you've got to understand how to select your topic properly and utilize it to create a practical outline. Prior to starting any paper, you will need to get an understanding of the way to write it. Before you commence writing your paper, you should produce a topic (should you don't have one yet). A paper may contain over five paragraphs altogether based on the variety of subjects a student makes the decision to analyze. The background of your essay will greatly be based on the origin of the subject, which will help determine the structure and content. Every bit of writing will be created depending on your requirements and the criteria you provide. By getting compare and contrast essay help you are going to be in a position to file your essay in time and in the very best quality. When it can be simpler to write on a well-known topic, with a little bit of r esearch and organization, a writer can make an essay on a number of subject areas if assigned. Naturally, if you're on the lookout for healthier ways to devote your spare time, living in the country features tons of chances to go hiking, camping or fishing. On-line assistance from expert writers will help you save you a plenty of time. Thus, for something so short, it might be overlooked as not being as critical as other elements of the paper. Based on the writing task you have at hand, the situations that you may include in your comparative essay can fluctuate. The last section of your compare and contrast essay is as important, as the remainder of the work and you have to make certain you do your best when summing up everything you've discussed in your work. Another subject has to be connected with the first one and offer clear reference stressing how they are similar or various. Get the Scoop on Compare and Contrast Essay Samples Before You're Too Late The initial two se ctions of your paper following your introduction can cover both items that you're comparing and contrasting separately. If you opt to use such a procedure, you should provide only related and relevant information. The introduction has three essential elements. Any fantastic introduction is only an ideal start. The Fundamentals of Compare and Contrast Essay Samples That You Will be Able to Benefit From Starting Today You may use books, documentaries, videos, and newspapers to discover relevant information regarding the topics you're discussing. Before you begin, it's vital to choose topics that you truly know well. You should research your topic to select three claims. Research the 2 topics you've been given. Type of Compare and Contrast Essay Samples When writing any form of academic paper, an individual needs to be able to get familiar with the essentials of writing. To start with, in the same way as any other bit of academic writing, a comparative essay ought to have a goal. After the essay requires a large number of approaches to explore, it's important to understand how to organize it correctly in an effort to make sure easy reading. Writing a great essay requires a lot of time and efforts. Evidently, you may always opt to find the help of a fantastic essay writing service like HandMadeWritings. You're able to employ a professional essay writing service to complete your assignment in the very best quality. To be certain you relate all the information you've researched in a thorough fashion, you must adhere to the prescribed compare and contrast essay format by your professor or the academe. For instance, if you wish to write about two different historical figures, it makes sense to select two great artists in place of an artist and a politician. Things You Won't Like About Compare and Contrast Essay Samples and Things You Will A very good compare-and-contrast essay goes beyond a very simple listing of similarities and differences to earn a meaningful statement about a bigger topic. When you have finished the list of essential features of the subject, you want to range them depending on the value and choose whether analyzed matters have more similarities or differences. When you begin brainstorming and researching the subject, the odds are high you'll discover a wide collection of differences and similarities. Do no lengthier start writing till you've got a factor that the similarities or variations you will need to use assist to show. Compare and Contrast Essay Samples and Compare and Contrast Essay Samples - The Perfect Combination You have to keep in mind that such an essay is about presenting your point of view and backing it by reliable sources and data. If necessary, you can review how to compose a comparison or contrast essay in the former post. Try to remember it cannot be a single subject!

My Struggle Essays - Roman Catholic Devotions, Scout Promise

My Struggle Since I was young, there have always been a struggle between my parents and I. This situation began when my father passed away when I was three years old. I have lived with my mother and Step-father ever since. Although I love them both, we do not always seem to see eye to eye on many issues. The cause of this is in part due to my wild nature. I like to stay out late and do things that if caught could get me in lots of trouble. I am under the impression that they resent my relationship with my grandmother. I like to stay often with my grandmother rather than at home, which they do not understand. I have stayed with my grandmother every weekend since my father became sick with cancer, in 1982. After my father passed away in 1983, I continued to visit her. My mother and stepfather both respect my father's mother a great deal, and would do anything for her. But they fail to see why I want to spend so much time with her. My grandmother is a large influence in my life. She has, and still does, so much for me. Nanny has always had a big heart for her family, but no one is as close to her as myself. Since I was two years old, my grandmother and I have gone out and done many things together. We have had many great memories together which I will remember for the rest of my life. We have gone out to eat, watched many baseball games togather, bone bowling, amd many other things. If my parents could only realize how strongly I feel about her and the time I spend with my her. I wish they could be a little more considerate of my feelings and not put me in the position that they often do. The relationship between my grandmother and I has been tested many times. As I was getting older, my parents would try to find things that would keep me from visiting her during the. They would find things such as mowing the lawn, washing cars, and doing house chores. These thing they know I hate to do, but they seemed to want them done anyway. Though they do not mind when I spend some time with my grandmother, they feel that I should spend more time with them. My senior year in high school was the time that they really were getting to me. Nanny broke her arm one day when she fell down in the kitchen. Since then I have moved in with her. They felt that this was a bad decision. I do love my parents dearly, but I felt that it was the best thing at the time. As of this day I do not regret the decisions that I have made in regards to spending time with my grandmother. I love and respect my parents, still but wish that they would not put me in the positions that they do. Since I began attending college, my parents have been a little more reasonable about the entire situation. This does not mean that they do not still give me a hard time. I just hope that by the time I finish with college they will understand how I feel, and not worry me about as much as they do.

Marketing Analysis of Kids TV Show Essay Example

Marketing Analysis of Kids TV Show Essay Example Marketing Analysis of Kids TV Show Essay Marketing Analysis of Kids TV Show Essay Essay Topic: Kids Kids show; partly because as a college student I have limited income and cant afford cable, and partly because I grew up watching the channel. I found website that had live streaming of certain cable network shows. When I first signed up and began watching, the end of Sesame Street was on. I watched on a few minutes of the show and continued watching the channel through the next show. The show that followed, which I watched in full, was Angelina Ballerina: Next Steps. I remember when I was younger and used to watch Angelina Ballerina. The show as a cartoon-style show detailing the life of a young mouse aspiring to be a ballerina. Not having watched the show for maybe 15 years, I was surprised about a number of things. First of all, I was surprised the show still existed. They seemed to have remade the name, adding on Next Steps, so they seemed to have extended the story so they could tell new stories and not Just replay old episodes. Another thing that surprised me was that the characters seemed to be more digitized. It wasnt the old sort of scratchy drawings that I remember; it was a more up to date version of he show that I was watching. The cartoons were more clear and accurate than the drawings that they used to be. This particular pair of episodes shown in a half hour segment was more up to date than imagined. It told the story of Angelina and her friend Alice, but with supporting characters. Angelina and Alice go to different schools and although they still like similar things, their interests seem to have slightly changed than when I watched the show as a little girl. The supporting characters that were added into the storyline added some cultural variety to the show. There were different colored mice ND mice that had different accents as well. They also seemed to try to extend their viewers to more boys rather than Just girls. There were multiple boy mouse dancers wearing boyish clothes (rather than a dancing uniform), and there seemed to be more collaboration between boy and girl mice. As mentioned earlier, I was surprised at how much the show had changed. Part of the reason is that the last few episodes of Sesame Street were exactly the same as I remember when I used to watch the show as a child. The only thing that seemed to be updated was the closing credits with Big Bird dancing in the background while the reedits rolled down the opposite side of the screen. When Sesame Street ended, there were a number of commercials that played. First, the sponsors were mentioned saying brought to you by In a womans clear and concise voice. The National Coalition of Resting People was the first sponsor of Sesame Street. They were promoting a good nights sleep and stating facts about how it was good for your health. Another sponsor was Daniel Tigers Neighborhood which was a PBS show. I assumed it to be a new show they had released because they told the viewing times and almost a summary of the show and its characters. The last Sponsor listed was United Health Care asking kids How many Fruit and Vegetables did you eat today? . Next a commercial break came, although there wasnt much of a Seaway between commercial that played along with it. Beaches Resorts, PAN, Earths Best Organic, Corporation for Public Broadcasting all played commercials. These commercials all seemed to promote health and safe choices to the viewers of this station. The end credits of Sesame Street were shown and then another set of commercials were shown. These commercials included Cyberspace (a PBS show), Support PBS foundation usage, and Hard Rock Hotel. The Hard Rock Hotel was then named as a sponsor to the show. Angelina Ballerina: Next Step came next. After the show another set of commercials came including Pokies. Org, HIT Entertainment, Hard Rock Hotel, Wild Karats (PBS Show), The Organism Guys (Message about germs from American Public Television), Side the Science Kid (PBS Show, up next), First 5 California, Boeing, Vinci- technology for early life, Rose Hills Foundation, Arthur Fining Davis Foundation. Even though the show seemed to have advanced and become more up to date, I as surprised that they didnt put any sort of technology references in it. There were no advertisements during any of the programs, only afterwards. I remember that from watching the shows as a child, but I was surprised that they hadnt changed that aspect of their shows. Another thing I noticed about the shows and their commercials was that the sponsor messages seemed to blend with the commercials. It was hard to tell the difference between the two. It seemed to me that Angelina Ballerina: Next Step is trying to create a larger viewers. It seems like they want more than Just young, white girls to be watching the show. They seemed to have included more material in the show for boys to be interested in as well. I think if a girl has a younger brother he might be interested in watching the show with her because of more male involvement in the storyline. I also noticed, as stated above, that there seemed to be more inclusion in the show of other races rather than Just white children. They seem to have included Latino, African American, and Asian mice into the character list of the show. This could increase their viewer ship to more than Just white children. The commercials for Hotels or Beach Resorts seemed to surprise me. I suppose they cant really advertise for a trip to Disney Parks because they arent affiliated with Disney so they had to go in another direction. Both the Hard Rock Hotel and Beach Resorts commercials showed Families and more particularly children, but I was surprised at their choice of commercial. It seemed interesting to me that a child would be watching the show, see the commercial and want to go to the Hard Rock Hotel. It didnt seem like something a child would see and ask their parents to go to. The choice of other commercials did not surprise me however. From past analysis, I found it typical to advertise for other shows on the Network. There were plenty of ads for other PBS shows that could be viewed later on in the day or up next. From watching the channel when I was younger, I was also not surprised for the commercials from American Public Television, or from the Rather Fining Davis Foundation, or from United Health Care, etc. PBS has always supported young adult health and expanding of childrens knowledge. That came as no surprise that their commercials revolved highly around this matter.

These books should be read by everyone.

These books should be read by everyone. Tiny Beautiful Things: Advice on Love and Life from Dear Sugar by Cheryl Strayed This is a real treasure for real romantics! The book is about how to become a real person with a capital letter. And everything began very modestly. Cheryl Strayed began to write columns for a literary site online. She used the pseudonym "Sugar". The result surpassed all expectations. Soon the world saw a podcast "Dear sugar radio". And then it came to the collection of NY Times-bestselling book compilation. If you pay attention to the cover, you can immediately understand what the author wants to say. Cheryl shows that in any situation there is something good. In the most terrible situations, we can remain the best people. If you are in trouble, read this book, and you will be able to look at the world and the situation from a different angle. This book is a kind of anecdotal guidance, which is read in one breath. The Defining Decade: Why Your Twenties Matter and How to Make the Most of Them by Meg Jay This book was written by a clinical psychologist with many years of experience in his field. This is a book for adults. Dr. MegJay tells about the success and how to achieve it. And literally in everything: personal growth, career, personal life, love, and romance... Of course, Dr. MegJay is not only a theorist but also a practitioner. She tells her story of success, the history of all life, from early childhood. This is a living example of how even the saddest story can be changed and get a happy end. The book motivates a person to realize their dreams and their potential. It will calm down any of your psychological fears. And it does not matter whether these fears are: fail in business or the fear of growing up. In fact, this book gives an incredible boost to every person. So strong push which your friends, career counselor, family, and therapist will not give you! The Untethered Soul: The Journey Beyond Yourself by Michael Singer The book became the number one in the category "Emotional Mental Health" on Amazon. After that, the book became a bestseller of "The New York Times". Imagine this? Each of us has an inner voice that can’t stop all day. Sometimes because of him, we can’t even sleep. For example, you think, "I forgot to turn off the iron... Oh, I think I'll be late again!... My mother was probably upset because of what I told her yesterday... I'm so hungry... Where did Jim buy this phone? I also want one... My boss did not raise me. But he promised me, and not once! ". Thanks to this book you will learn how to get some space from this voice and easily cope with yourself and with your own thoughts. You will find your way to harmony and happiness. And for this, you will need the principles of the ancient philosophy of the East and modern psychology. Relish: My Life in the Kitchen by Lucy Knisley Many people dream of learning how to cook. Or think that their wife or husband learn how to cook. But this is so great! You can save money for life, do not go to expensive restaurants. Your self-esteem will grow up! In fact, cooking is a functional and productive form of art, and you can practice this art every day. But you object that it is difficult to cook. That's why we recommend reading this book. This is a graphic memoir, reminiscent of an illustrated cartoon. Lucy Knisley will tell you and show you how to enjoy cooking with a prescription, buy only quality products and spices. It will help you figure out what you like in the kitchen (maybe it's even more important than what you like in bed?). While you are reading the book, Lucy Knisley seems to hold your hand and follow the way of culinary art with you. Fates and Furies by Lauren Groff This book was read by Barack Obama. According to NYTimes, this is a bestseller with very interesting characters. Believe me, you will read this novel even at night! It tells about the family life of a man and a woman. And in the first part of the book the story is conducted on behalf of a man, and in the second - on behalf of a woman. You will learn that a person's life can improve over the years. And these improvements depend on your personality, the actions you do, and on how they change or don’t change during life. The book tells how important it is to maintain one's personality in partnership with a husband/wife.

Ethical Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 10

Ethical Energy - Essay Example ore selecting a method that will generate adequate power for the present, have the potential for expansion to meet future needs and is minimally damaging to the environment. Due to the large investment involved, ethical issues that may result in selection of an inappropriate source or power generation is a factor that has to be considered. This is a preliminary report for the Board of Directors of Karsson arguing for a source that will be satisfactory regarding all the parameters mentioned above. It will take into consideration the advantages and disadvantages inherent in different methods of power generation along with ethical issues that have to be taken into consideration. (Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector). Greenhouse gases are those which absorb harmful radiation that is given off by the surface of the earth after it absorbs it from the sun’s rays. â€Å"Greenhouse [GH] molecules are those that absorb terrestrial radiation, that which is emitted by the Earth’s surface as a result of the warming effect of incoming solar radiation.† (Barrett 2005, p.1037). The greenhouse gases found in the earth’s atmosphere are water (vapour), CO2 or carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. This is given in the decreasing order of absorption with ozone having the least absorption capability. (Ozone plays a major role in blocking UV and other harmful rays from the sun rather than retaining or absorbing from the earth’s surface). This absorption is important to maintain life sustaining temperature. But when levels of these gases increase (due to pollution) the heat generated is more than what is required or safe and ultimately results in the phenomenon called global warming. The chart given above shows the greenhouse emission as per sector or industry. It can be seen that the biggest contributor of greenhouse gases is from power stations. It is true that some methods of generation are more harmful than others and this will be discussed later in this

History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

History - Assignment Example A. Boxer rebellion is the outcome of a rebellious action from a group called ‘Boxers’ which was a Righteous and harmonist group in china. The main aim of this group was to get rid of all the foreign influence present in china and retain their own cultural heritage. During 1899, this group was battling against Christian foes in which many foreign officials got killed. This group was the reason for weakening the power of chin dynasty and also influenced the republic revolution which made china a republic nation. 4 . Lin Zexu -Lin Zexu was the scholar and official of high moral conduct in the Qing dynasty of china. He was famous for his ardent fight against the opium trade to protect his people from destruction. 5. Pu Yi – the Last Emperor of China – Pu Yi was the youngest Chinese emperor who was given the throne by the empress Dowager cixi in 1908.He was a cruel emperor and often tortured his servants for minor offences and was dethroned during the Chinese revolution. 6. Constitution of 1890 in Japan – The Japanese leaders in 1890 formed a constitution called â€Å"meji constitution† to impress the westerners of their power and strength. In this constitution the supreme power was with the emperor and other had minor rights to vote. 7. Treaty of Shimonoseki – This treaty is also known as Treaty of Maguan and was signed on April 17, 1895 between Japanese Empire and Qing Dynasty of China. According to this treaty the China mainly acknowledged the independence of Korea and renounced any belonging to

Exxon Valdez :: science

Exxon Valdez When people hear the phrase "oil spill: they think a bunch of black stuff all in the water. Well there is a lot more to it then just that. It is an economical disaster as well as an environmental one. As you read along you will see how devastating this one oil spill, the Exxon Valdez, really was compared to others. Whether you, as the reader believe it or just think it is something that is none of you concern and happened 10 years ago is completely up to you. I think that your mind will change after hearing all the facts. On the day of March 24, 1989 the oil tanker Exxon Valdez was afloat when it ran aground a reef in Prince William Sound, putting a gash in its hull. This gash bled out 11 million gallons of crude oil. The oil covered roughly 10,000 sq. miles of water. This is the area of Connecticut, Delaware, Rhode Island, and 25 Washington D.C.’s combined! In only a week’s time the wind and current moved the oil 90 miles into the Gulf of Alaska. It contaminated 1,500 miles of coast. This is like the shoreline of California. This oil as it moved through the water killed 300,000 sea birds, 2,600 sea otters, 300 harbor seals, and perhaps millions and millions of fish. Of the 23 studied species hurt by the spill only 2 are said to be completely recovered. The 2 are the Bald Eagle and the River Otter. Some show no recovery at all. Of these that haven’t recovered at all are the Harbor Seal, Harlequin Ducks, Pacific Herring, Cormorants, and even certain whales. If people were familiar with some of the clean up that went on, they would probably remember that cleaning of all those ducks. Well I hate to tell you but it was useless. Some of them died 5 days after they were released. Scientists now know that the oil is 100 time’s more toxic then originally thought. Even a minuet amount can cause deformities in fish like an extra fin.

Historical Development of Organisational Behaviour

Organizational behavior  is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structures have on behavior within an organization. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication, and management; and it complements the academic studies of  organizational theory and human resource studies Basic Functions – Management operates through various functions, often classified as planning, organizing, staffing, leading/directing, and controlling/monitoring and motivation. * Planning :Deciding what needs to happen in the future (today, next week, next month, next year, over the next five years, etc. ) and generating plans for action. * Organizing : Pattern of relationships among workers, making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of plans. * Staffing : Job analysis, recruitment and hiring for appropriate jobs. * Leading/directing : Determining what needs to be done in a situation and getting people to do it. * Controlling/monitoring : Checking progress against plans. * Motivation :Motivation is also a kind of basic function of management, because without motivation, employees cannot work effectively. History – * F. W. Taylor and Scientific Management * Fayol * Hawthorne Studies * Theory X and Y 1. F. W. Taylor and scientific Management – Taylor's scientific management consisted of four principles: First. They develop a science for each element of a man's work, which replaces the old  rule-of-thumb  method. Second. They scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the workman, whereas in the past he chose his own work and trained himself as best he could.Third. They heartily cooperate with the men so as to insure all of the work being done in accordance with the principles of the science which has been developed. Fourth. There is an almost equal division of the work and the responsibility between the management and the workmen. The m anagement take over all work for which they are better fitted than the workmen, while in the past almost all of the work and the greater part of the responsibility were thrown upon the men. 2. Fayol – * Division of work – Specialization increases output by making employees more efficient. * Authority –Managers must be able to give orders. * Discipline – Employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization. * Unity of command – Every employee should receive orders from only one superior. * Unity of direction – Each group of organizational activities that have the same objective should be directed by one manager using one plan. * Remuneration – Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services. * Order – People and materials should be in the right place at the right time. * Scalar chain – The line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks represents the scalar chain.

How to Use the French Word Drôle

The French word  drà ´le, pronounced drol, is an adjective that means funny or peculiar.   Examples Jai regardà © un film drà ´le hier soir - I watched a funny movie last nightCest drà ´le, je ne reconnais pas ces livres sur mon à ©tagà ¨re - Thats funny, I dont recognize these books on my shelf.drà ´le de - strangeIl a un drà ´le dair - He looks strangeCest une drà ´le didà ©e - Thats a peculiar idea. Related drà ´lement (adv) - funnily, strangelyla drà ´lerie - funniness

Privacy And Its Effect On Society Essay - 1627 Words

Privacy can be defined as â€Å"the claim of individuals, groups or institutions to determine when, how and to what extent information about them is communicated to others. It is our right to keep information about ourselves or even things important to us from the public. Privacy allows one to express themselves without the lingering eyes and judgement of the public at large. However, privacy as we know it has degraded much with the evolution of technology in our present-day culture. Its slowly being invaded and lost altogether with many arguing it is for the greater good of everyone. There is much to the discussion of privacy which can be traced back hundreds of years, and directly correlates with the improvement and invention of technology. As it stands today technology has evolved to the point of complete transparency in anyone’s life. The debate over this being a positive or a complete violation of our rights can be quite controversial. This is only made more so with the domestic and global issues that feed fuel to the fire. However, there are steps to protect yourselves and movements that aim to defend and safeguard your privacy in the works already. II. PRIVACY THEN AND NOW Although issues on privacy are thought to be much more recent in years the truth is that the discussion about privacy in the western world started with the introduction of the newspaper printing press and photography. The debate on privacy can be traced back to as far as 1890 in an article written byShow MoreRelatedPrivacy And Its Effect On Society1030 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone is entitled to a certain level of privacy in regards to their personal information. However, there is the constant increase and enhancement in technology and the growing value of information for use in decision making. Between these two facts, the definition of privacy becomes unclear and allows people to gather information that one might deem confidential. Privacy has been manipulated in efforts claiming that as long as it is beneficial in the long run to a wholesome amount of people thenRead MoreAn Invasion Of Privacy And Its Effects On Society1804 Words   |  8 PagesI. Introduction of the problem or topic: a. An invasion of privacy is when something inaccessible to the public is intruded upon or exposed without one’s permission. Privacy is the ability for one to select and control information revealed about themselves. b. Introduce the problem or topic i. The government constantly collects personal data from citizens without their permission. ii. The information collected should be limited and only obtained after notifying the person that is being examinedRead MoreWhy Privacy Matters So If You Have Nothing?935 Words   |  4 PagesIn support of privacy, Daniel J. Solove wrote, Why Privacy Matters Even If You Have ‘Nothing to Hide.’ Solove begins his argument by introducing the nothing-to-hide argument. In general, the argument for surveillance is ‘if you’ve got nothing to hide, you’ve got nothing to fear:’ hence people’s support for government efforts and regulations to ‘protect’ citizens by decreasing privacy. Those who object this argument target its most extreme cases. For example, if you have nothing to hide, could I takeRead MorePrivacy, Surveillance, And Law Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pagesexpected to trust the government, companies, and each other. Although scholars have provided several accounts of the importance of privacy, it still remains unclear how individuals view and value it. For the purposes of this essay, privacy is broadly defined as the controlled access to personal information or ideas. In this paper, I will examine Richard Posner’s article â€Å"Privacy, Surveillance, and Law† and Neil Richards’s paper â€Å"The Dangers of Surveillance.† Although both Posner and Richards begin withRead MoreThe Positive And Negative Effects Of Privacy And Social Media1518 Words   |  7 PagesThe Oxford dictionary defines Privacy as the state or condition of being free from being observed or disturbed by other people (2017). It should not come as a surprise that websites designed to share pictures, ideas, and what is for dinner, leave individuals feeling that their privacy has been invaded. It is also not surprising that some people are oblivious to the effects of what they post online. It is safe to say the loss of privacy can be self-imposed for societies need to collaborate and socializedRead MoreAnalys is Of George Orwell s 1984848 Words   |  4 Pages Critical Analysis In the George Orwell’s novel 1984, much of the society is watched and have no privacy of any kind. Every person in the Party is under surveillance. In effect, these people cannot live freely and independently, but it seems to be an impossible task because of of the Party surveillance, and how they limit thinking and manipulate reality. We can similarly see these concerns and their effects in today s society and the ways the novel also acts as a warning for the future. In 1984Read MoreThe Invasion Of Privacy And Concern For Safety1624 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The invasion of privacy and concern for safety has been an increasing worry among people who live in the United States and across the world. The main issue is how does the government’s actions change how people view their own security and even national security. Broader theories of this research question would be how the government’s interaction with technology and security influence how people think about their own personal privacy and safety as well as our national security. SomeRead MorePrivacy Rights : Moral And Legal Foundations1312 Words   |  6 Pagesmorals play in shaping privacy rights and/or expectations? It is understood that there are a number of definitions of privacy. Intellectuals have published works with varying content throughout the years. In 1890, Warren and Brandeis’ article gathered that privacy is the â€Å"right to be let alone† (Samuel Warren). Additionally, William Parent suggested that â€Å"privacy is the condition of not having undocumented personal knowledge about one possessed by others† (Moore, Privacy Rights: Moral and LegalRead MoreThe Right Of Privacy Assignment1224 Words   |  5 PagesRight of Privacy Assignment Brian Taylor – GEICO BUS 220 Dictionary.com provides a definition of individual privacy which reads; â€Å"Freedom from damaging publicity, public scrutiny, secret surveillance, or unauthorized disclosure of one s personal data or information, as by a government, corporation, or individual†. On a basic level, the right of individual privacy simply means that one has the right to be left alone. This is a right many in our society claim to hold as inalienable, yet in ourRead MorePrivacy Rights : Moral And Legal Foundations1584 Words   |  7 Pagesnumber of definitions of privacy. Intellectuals have published works with varying content throughout the years. In 1890, Warren and Brandeis’ article gathered that privacy is the â€Å"right to be let alone† (Samuel Warren). Additionally, William Parent suggested that â€Å"privacy is the condition of not having undocumented personal knowledge about one possessed by others† (Moore, Privacy Rights: Moral and Legal Foundations). On the oth er hand, Julie Inness illustrated that privacy is â€Å"the state of possessing

What is Happening to Reading - 641 Words

Reading is very important, so important in fact that technology has advanced to the point where we can keep an entire library in our pocket. Readers have always been a very small population according to Bellow. Technology has advanced to the point where it is possible to log on to the internet, click on a book and download it and be able to read immediately. This is a very important advancement to the reading community as it allows them to have it readily accessible. Technology is only improving the ability and availability for people to read. â€Å"For Americans under the age of 30, film has replaced the novel as the dominant mode of artistic expression.† (Bellow 8). It may be true that many people prefer to watch a movie than read a book. But for the population that reads more than watching movies there is a huge market for authors to keep writing. Movies may also have an effect on getting people to read also. Over the years, many children’s books and teen bo oks have become movies. Even books have been remade into movies time and time again. They may vary in quality, but the original books stay the same which keeps the booklovers coming back to the books. The future of books may also be dwindling with the availability of technology. The ease of access to online books and texts may eventually make physical books obsolete. But there will always be the small handful of people that love to have that physical book. Some people even collect books, maybe not toShow MoreRelated Story Truth Vs. Happening Truth Using Tim Obriens work Essay642 Words   |  3 Pagesof Story Truth vs. Happening Truth Literature is such a beautiful thing because it does not give us an answer to its questions. There are so many iffy spots that leave us to develop our own thoughts and feelings toward the piece of work. This is an interesting factor because at many times it affects us in a different way and can develop us as an individual. When reading a piece of literature, one person can interpret it in different ways than another person reading the same piece of workRead MoreThe Banning of Certain Books in School Libraries/ Classrooms848 Words   |  4 Pagesjust fictional books. Those books are all about censorship and having the government controlling and watching your every move. What most people dont realize is that there is censorship happening right now, every time you send a text or make a phone call, the government can see/hear it. There is censorship on books at schools and ratings on movies. There is censorship happening all around you and most of us dont even notice it. Thats because t hey are minor, but, over time things can progressively getRead MoreMy Experience Of Youtube Videos1139 Words   |  5 Pagesmostly makeup beauty hacks, and I don’t wear makeup. But I wanted to see what it would be like if someone who was Deaf wanted to learn beauty hacks. It was pretty hard to pay attention to what she was doing because I was too focused on reading all the captions. She also talked kind of fast so I couldn’t read all of it and see what she was doing. I paused it a few times so I could look at what she doing and not have to focus on reading. I then went to a video from Buzzfeed, something that I would normallyRead MoreShort Story Analysis1076 Words   |  5 PagesUnease. Thrilling. Surprise. These are simply three feelings thrown at the reader all happening in a one-page story. Short-short stories often have the affect of making the reader feel uneasy. The reason behind this, is because the stories are so short the writer needs to jump directly into the story with something interesting or alarming to grab the reader’s attention. Often, the more uneasy the writing is, the more it leaves an effect on the reader. Clearly, some stories are more uneasy thanRead MoreLiterary Theory : The Postcolonial Theory880 Words   |  4 Pagescolonization that was happening. For example when reading about colonization in American we only read from writing from men who are white and upper/middle class. Literature could be oppressive because it was only written from one point of view back when colonization was happening. Cultural studies theory looks at different cultures and how they are viewed, this theory does not allow us to make assumptions. As individuals we are not allowed to make assumption about writing and what culture has betterRead MoreAnalysis Of An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge814 Words   |  4 Pagesthose included â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† by Ambrose Bierce and â€Å"The Raven† by Edgar Allen Poe. Reading a good story or poem is important, because it will increase a persons knowledge and imaginary, but books should not be too challenging or it will take away from the joy of reading. â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† was the best story read because it kept the reader wondering what was going to happen next and the word choice was not too challenging, allowing the understanding to comeRead MoreGeorge Bush, Osama Bin Laden And The Patriot Act Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesAfter reading The Longest War I had a pretty good understanding of h ow other countries viewed 9/11 and how they responded to it. Then after reading many different articles on the Library Research Page it made it clear why these countries felt the way they did. On the research page, I researched George Bush, Osama Bin Laden, Al-Qaeda, Tora Bora, World News to 9/11 in 2001, Guantanamo Bay and The Patriot Act. I researched many different types of articles which helped give me a better perspective onRead MoreBook Review Of Biology883 Words   |  4 Pagestrying to comprehend what I was reading, even after reading it over and over. It wasn’t easy and I still don’t know if I fully understand what I have read. The first thing that caught my attention with these chapters is the concept of time! The book says that â€Å"each day of Earths â€Å"year† would represent 12 million years of actual history.† This blows my mind because I never would have thought of it like this, but in a way, it makes sense. It also proves that evolution is happening faster than we canRead MoreThe Book Dust Lands 1015 Words   |  5 Pages I have been reading a book series called Dust Lands. The first book is called Blood Red Road, and the second book I have just finished is called Rebel Heart, both are written by the infamous Moira Young. I must say that I absolutely adored both books. Especially Rebel Heart. It may have positively confused me and left me feeling sick to my stomach at points, but it was phenomenal! I would totally read it again, in fact, I wish I owned it so that I could read it again. Only after I’ve read the thirdRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On Our Lives985 Words   |  4 Pagesthan how long material is. This is mainly a problem when the person is looking for research, either in a book or online. So the person decides to use the internet to find what they are looking for because of the fact that it doesn’t take as much work. Then when the person finds something that is even a little bit related to what they are looking for, they stop, even if it isn’t the best article. Chri stine Rosen, the writer of People of the Screen, compared this process to the gold rush and more specifically

The Great Trade Collapse What Caused It and What Does It Mean Free Essays

The great trade collapse: What caused it and what does it mean? Richard Baldwin 27 November 2009 World trade experienced a sudden, severe, and synchronised collapse in late 2008 – the sharpest in recorded history and deepest since WWII. This ebook – written for the world’s trade ministers gathering for the WTO’s Trade Ministerial in Geneva – presents the economics profession’s received wisdom on the collapse. Two dozen chapters, written by leading economists from across the globe, summarise the latest research on the causes of the collapse as well as its consequences and the prospects for recovery. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Trade Collapse: What Caused It and What Does It Mean or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to the emerging consensus, the collapse was caused by the sudden, severe and globally synchronised postponement of purchases, especially of durable consumer and investment goods (and their parts and components). The impact was amplified by â€Å"compositional† and â€Å"synchronicity† effects in which international supply chains played a central role. The â€Å"great trade collapse† occurred between the third quarter of 2008 and the second quarter of 2009. Signs are that it has ended and recovery has begun, but it was huge – the steepest fall of world trade in recorded history and the deepest fall since the Great Depression. The drop was sudden, severe, and synchronised. A few facts justify the label: The Great Trade Collapse. It was severe and sudden Global trade has dropped before – three times since WWII – but this is by far the largest. As Figure 1 shows, global trade fell for at least three quarters during three of the worldwide recessions that have occurred since 1965 – the oil-shock recession of 1974-75, the inflation-defeating recession of 1982-83, and the Tech-Wreck recession of 2001-02. Specifically: †¢The 1982 and 2001 drops were comparatively mild, with growth from the previous year’s quarter reaching -5% at the most. †¢The 1970s event was twice that size, with growth stumbling to -11%. †¢Today collapse is much worse; for two quarters in a row, world trade flows have been 15% below their previous year levels. The OECD has monthly data on its members’ real trade for the past 533 months; the 7 biggest month-on-month drops among the 533 all occurred since November 2008 (see the chapter by Sonia Araujo and Joaquim Oliveira). Figure 1 The great trade collapses in historical perspective, 1965 – 2009 Source: OECD Quarterly real trade data. The great trade collapse is not as large as that of the Great Depression, but it is much steeper. It took 24 months in the Great Depression for world trade to fall as far as it fell in the 9 months from November 2008 (Figure 2). The latest data in the figure (still somewhat preliminary) suggests a recovery is underway. Figure 2 The great trade collapses vs. the Great Depression Source: Eichengreen and O’Rourke (2009), based on CPB online data for latest. It was synchronised †¢All 104 nations on which the WTO reports data experienced a drop in both imports and exports during the second half of 2008 and the first half of 2009. †¢Figure 3 shows how imports and exports collapsed for the EU27 and 10 other nations that together account for three-quarters of world trade; each of these trade flows dropped by more than 20% from 2008Q2 to 2009Q2; many fell 30% or more. Figure 3 The great trade collapse, 2008 Q2 to 2009 Q2 Sources: WTO online database. Figure 4 shows that world trade in almost all product categories were positive in 2008Q2, almost all were negative in 2008Q4, and all where negative in 2009Q1. The categories most marked by international supply chains (Mechanical and electrical machinery, Precision instruments, and Vehicles) saw some of the biggest drops, and detailed empirics in the chapter by Bems, Johnson and Yi finds that supply chains were hit harder controlling for other factors. The chart, however, shows that the falls were by no means extraordinary large in these sectors. Figure 4 All types of goods trade collapsed simultaneously Source: Comtrade database. Manufactures and commodities Trade collapsed across the board, but it is important to distinguish between commodities and manufactures. The collapse in minerals and oil trade started from a boom time and fell faster than total trade (Figure 5). The reason was prices. Food, materials and especially oil experienced a steep run up in price in early 2008; the boom ended in mid 2008 – well before the September 2008 Lehman’s debacle. The price of manufactures, by contrast, was rather steady in this period (Figure 6). Figure 5 The great trade collapse and values: Food, oil, and manufactures Source: ITC online database. Since food, fuels, and raw materials make up about a quarter of global trade, these price movements had a big impact on aggregate trade figures. Countries dependent on commodity exports, in particular oil exporters, were among those that experienced the greatest drop in exports (see the chapters Africa by Peter Draper and Gilberto Biacuana, and by Leonce Ndikumana and Tonia Kandiero, and on India by Rajiv Kumar and Dony Alex). The drop in manufactures trade was also massive, but it involved mostly quantity reductions. Exporters specialising in durable goods manufactures saw a particularly sharp decline in their exports (see chapters on Japan by Ruyhei Wakasugi and by Kiyoyasu Tanaka). Mexico, which is both an oil exporter and a participant in the US’s manufacturing supply chain, experienced one of the world’s most severe trade slumps (see chapter by Ray Robertson). Figure 6 The great trade collapse and prices: Commodity vs. manufactures Source: CPB online database. Causes The great trade collapse was triggered by – and helped spread – the global economic slump that has come to be called â€Å"The Great Recession. 1 As the left panel of Figure 7 shows, the OECD nations slipped into recession in this period, with the largest importing markets – the US, EU and Japan (the G3) – seeing their GDP growth plummet more or less in synch. The US and Europe saw negative GDP growth rates of 3 to 4%; Japan was hit far worse. Figure 7 The current recession, OECD nations and G3, 2007Q1 – 2009Q2 Note: G3 is US, EU and Japan. Source: OECD online data base. Why did trade fall so much more than GDP? Given the global recession, a drop in global trade is unsurprising. The question is: Why was it so big? The chapter by Caroline Freund shows that during the four large, postwar recessions (1975, 1982, 1991, and 2001) world trade dropped 4. 8 times more than GDP (also see Freund 2009). This time the drop was far, far larger. From a historical perspective (Figure 8), the drop is astonishing. The figure shows the trade-to-GDP ratio rising steeply in the late 1990s, before stagnating in the new century right up to the great trade collapse in 2008. The rise in the 1990s is explained by a number of factors including trade liberalisation. A key driver, however, was the establishment of international supply chains (manufacturing was geographically unbundled with various slices of the value-added process being placed in nearby nations). This unbundling meant that the same value-added crossed borders several times. In a simple international supply chain, imported parts would be transformed into exported components which were in turn assembled into final goods and exported again, so the trade figures counted the final value added several times. As we shall see, the presences of these highly integrated and tightly synchronised production networks plays an important role in the nature of the great trade collapse (see chapters by Rudolfs Bems, Robert Johnson, and Kei-Mu Yi, and by Andrei Levchenko, Logan Lewis, and Linda Tesar). Figure 8 World trade to world GDP ratio, 1980Q1 to 2009Q2 Source: World imports from OECD online data base; World GDP based on IMF data. Emerging consensus on the causes Economists around the world have been working hard to understand the causes of this unusually large and abrupt shut down of international trade. The dozen chapters in Part II of this book summarise all the key research – most of it done by the authors themselves. They do not all agree on all points, but a consensus is emerging. When sales drop sharply – and the great trade collapse was a gigantic drop in international sales – economists look for demand shocks and/or supply shocks. The emerging consensus is that the great trade collapse was mostly a demand shock – although supply side factors played some role. The demand shock operated through two distinct but mutually reinforcing channels: †¢Commodity prices – which tumbled when the rice bubble burst in mid 2008 – continued to follow world demand in its downward spiral. The price movements and diminished demand sent the value and volume of commodities trade diving. †¢The production and exports of manufacturing collapsed as the Lehman’s-induced shock-and-awe caused consumers and firms to wait and see; private demand fo r all manner of ‘postpone-able’ consumption crashed. This second point was greatly amplified by the very particular nature of the demand shock that hit the world’s economy in September 2008. Why so big? This consensus view, however, is incomplete. It raises the question: If the trade drop was demand driven, why was the trade drop so much larger than the GDP drop? The answer provided by the emerging consensus is that the nature of the demand shock interacted with â€Å"compositional† and â€Å"synchronicity† effects to greatly exaggerate the movement of the trade-to-GDP ratio. Compositional effect The compositional effect turns on the peculiar nature of the demand shock. The demand shock was very large, but also focused on a narrow range of domestic value-added activities – the production of â€Å"postponeable† goods, consumer durables and investment goods. This demand drop immediately, reducing demand for all related intermediate inputs (parts and components, chemicals, steel, etc). The compositional-effect argument is founded on the fact that postponeables make up a narrow slice of world GDP, but a very large slice of the world trade (Figure 9). In a nutshell, the common cause of the GDP and trade collapse – a sudden drop in the demand for postponeables – operated with full force on trade but diminished force on GDP due to the compositional difference. The large demand shock applied to the near-totality of trade while only applying to a thin portion of GDP. Here is a simple example. 2 Suppose exports consisted of 90% â€Å"postponeable† (consumer and investment electronics, transport equipment, machinery and their parts and components). GDP, however, consists most of non-tradeables (services, etc). Taking postponeables’ share in US GDP to be 20%, the pre-crisis situation is: When the sales of postponeables slumps by, say, half, the numerator falls much more than the denominator. Assuming that †other† continues growth in trade and GDP by 2%, the post-crisis trade to GDP ratio is Exports have fallen 44. 8% in this example, while GDP has fallen only 8. 4%. In short, the different composition of trade and GDP, taken together with the specific nature of the demand shock, has resulted in trade falling more than 5 times as fast as GDP. See the chapter by Andrei Levchenko, Logan Lewis, and Linda Tesar for a careful investigation of this logic using detailed US production and trade data; they find that the compositional effect accounts for most of the US trade drop. The chapter by Joseph Francois and Julia Woerz uses US and Chinese data to argue that the compositional effect is key to understanding the trade collapse. 3 Figure 9 Composition of world goods trade Source: WTO online database for 2007. Synchronicity effect The synchronicity effect helps explain why the great trade collapse was so great in an even more direct manner; almost every nation’s imports and exports fell at the same time. There was none of the averaging out that occurred in the three other postwar trade drops. But why was it so synchronised? There are two leading explanations for the remarkable synchronicity. The first concerns international supply chains, the second concerns the ultimate cause of the Great Recession. The profound internationalisation of the supply chain that has occurred since the 1980s – specifically, the just-in-time nature of these vertically integrated production networks – served to coordinate, i. e. rapidly transmit, demand shocks. Even a decade ago, a drop in consumer sales in the US or Europe took months to be transmitted back to the factories and even longer to reach the suppliers of those factories. Today, Factory Asia is online. Hesitation by US and European consumers is transmitted almost instantly to the entire supply chain, which reacts almost instantly by producing and buying less; trade drops in synch, both imports and exports. For example, during the 2001 trade collapse, monthly data for 52 nations shows that 39% of the month-nation pairs had negative growth for both imports and exports. In the 2008 crisis the figure is 83%. For details on this point, see Di Giovanni, Julian and Andrei Levchenko (2009), Yi (2009), and the chapters by Rudolfs Bems, Robert Johnson, and Kei-Mu Yi, and by Kiyoyasu Tanaka. The second explanation requires a bit of background and a bit of conjecture (macroeconomists have not arrived at a consensus on the causes of the Great Recession). To understand the global shock to the demand for traded goods, we need a thumbnail sketch of the global crisis. How the subprime crisis became the global crisis The â€Å"Subprime Crisis† broke out in August 2007. For 13 months, the world viewed this as a financial crisis that was mainly restricted to the G7 nations who had mismanaged their monetary and regulatory policy – especially the US and the UK. Figure 3 shows that world trade continued growing apace in 2007 and early 2008. The crisis metastasised from the â€Å"Subprime Crisis† to the global crisis in September 2008. The defining moment came when the US Treasury allowed the investment bank Lehman Brothers to go bankrupt. This shocked the global financial community since they had assumed no major financial institution would be allowed to go under. Many of the remaining financial institutions were essentially bankrupt in an accounting sense, so no one knew who might be next. Bankers stopped lending to each other and credit markets froze. The Lehman bankruptcy, however, was just one of a half dozen â€Å"impossible events† that occurred at this time. Here is a short list of others:4 †¢All big investment banks disappeared. †¢The US Fed lent $85 billion to an insurance company (AIG), borrowing money from the US Treasury to cover the loan. †¢A US money market fund lost so much that it could not repay its depositors capital. †¢US Treasury Secretary Paulson asked the US Congress for three-quarters of a trillion dollars based on a 3-page proposal; he had difficulties in answering direct questions about how the money would fix the problem. The hereto laissez-faire US Securities and Exchange Commission banned short selling of bank stocks to slow the drop in financial institutions stock prices. It didn’t work. †¢Daniel Gros and Stephano Micossi (2009) pointed out that European banks were too big to fail and too big to save (their assets were often multiples of the their home nationsâ€⠄¢ GDPs); †¢Congress said â€Å"no† to Paulson’s ill-explained plan, promising its own version. As people around the world watched this unsteady and ill-explained behaviour of the US government, a massive feeling of insecurity formed. Extensive research in behavioural economics shows that people tend to act in extremely risk averse ways when gripped by fears of the unknown (as opposed to when they are faced with risk, as in a game of cards, where all outcomes can be enumerated and assigned a probability). Fall 2008 was a time when people really had no idea what might happen. This is Ricardo Caballero’s hypothesis of â€Å"Knightian Uncertainty† (i. e. the fear of the unknown) which has been endorsed by the IMF’s chief economist Olivier Blanchard. Consumers, firms, and investors around the world decided to â€Å"wait and see† – to hold off on postponeable purchases and investments until they could determine how bad things would get. The delaying of purchases and investments, the redressing of balance sheets and the switching of wealth to the safest assets caused what Caballero has called â€Å"sudden financial arrest† (a conscious reference to the usually fatal medical cond ition â€Å"sudden cardiac arrest†). The â€Å"fear factor† spread across the globe at internet speed. Consumers, firms and investors all feared that they’d find out what capitalism without the capital would be like. They independently, but simultaneously decided to shelf plans for buying durable consumer and investment goods and indeed anything that could be postponed, including expensive holidays and leisure travel. In previous episodes of declining world trade, there was no Lehman-like event to synchronise the wait-and-see stance on a global scale. The key points as concerns the trade and GDP collapse: †¢As the fear factor was propagating via the electronic press; the transmission was global and instantaneous. †¢The demand shock to GDP and the demand shock to trade occurred simultaneously. â€Å"Postponeable† sector production and trade were hit first and hardest. There are a number of indications that this is the right story. First, global trade in services did not, in general, collapse (see the chapter by Aditya Mattoo and Ingo Borchert). Interestingly, one of the few categories of services trade that did collapse was tourism – the ultimate postponeable. Second, macro economists’ investigations into the transmission mechanisms operating in this crisis show that none of the usual transmission vectors – trade in goods, international capital flows, and financial crisis contagion – were esponsible for the synchronisation of the global income drop (Rose and Spiegel 2009). Supply-side effects The Lehman-link â€Å"sudden financial arrest† froze global credit markets and spilled over on the specialized financial instruments that help grease the gears of international trade – letters of credit and the like. From the earliest days of the great trade collapse, analysts suspected that a lack of trade-credit financing was a contributing factor (Auboin 2009). As the chapter by Jesse Mora and William Powers argues, such supply-side shocks have been important in the past. Careful research on the 1997 Asian crisis (Amiti and Weinstein 2009) and historical bank crises (see the chapter by Leonardo Iacovone and Veronika Zavacka) provide convincing evidence that credit conditions can affect trade flows. The Mora and Powers chapter, however, finds that declines in global trade finance have not had a major impact on trade flows. While global credit markets in general did freeze up, trade finance declined only moderately in most cases. If anything, US cross-border bank financing bounced back earlier than bank financing from other sources. In short, trade financing had at most a moderate role in reducing global trade. Internationalised supply chains are a second potential source of supply shocks. One could imagine that a big drop in demand combined with deteriorating credit conditions might produce widespread bankruptcies among trading firms. Since the supply chain is a chain, bankruptcy of even a few links could suppress trade along the whole chain. The chapters by Peter Schott (on US data), by Lionel Fontagne and Guillaume Gaulier (on French data), and by Ruyhei Wakasugi (on Japanese data) present evidence that such disruptions did not occur this time. They do this by looking at very disaggregated data (firm-level data in the Fontagne-Gaulier chapter) and distinguishing between the so-called â€Å"intensive† and â€Å"extensive† margins of trade. These margins decompose changes in trade flows into changes in sales across existing trade relations (intensive) and changes in the number of such relations (extensive). If the supply-chain-disruption story were an important part of the great trade collapse, these authors should have found that the extensive margin was important. The authors, however, find that the great trade collapse has been primarily driven by the intensive margin – by changes in pre-existing trade relationships. Trade fell because firms sold less of products that they were already selling; there was very little destruction of trade relationships as would be the case if the extensive margin had been found to be important. This findings may be due to the notion of †hysteresis in trade† (Baldwin 1988), namely, that large and sunk market-entry costs imply that firms are reluctant to exit markets in the face of temporary shocks. Instead of exiting, they merely scale back their operations, waiting for better times. Protectionism is the final supply shock commonly broached as a cause of the great trade collapse. The chapter by Simon Evenett documents the rise in crisis-linked protectionist measures. While many measures have been put in place – on average, one G20 government has broken its no-protection pledge every other day since November 2008 – they do not yet cover a substantial fraction of world trade. Protection, in short, has not been a major cause of the trade collapse so far. Prospects The suddenness of the 2008 trade drop holds out the hope of an equally sudden recovery. If the fear-factor-demand-drop was the driver of the great trade collapse, a confidence-factor-demand-revival could equally drive a rapid restoration of trade to robust growth. If it was all a demand problem, after all, little long-lasting damage will have been done. See the chapter by Ruyhei Wakasugi on this. There are clear signs that trade is recovering, and it is absolutely clear that the drop has halted. Will the trade revival continue? No one can know the future path of global economic recovery – and this is the key to the trade recovery. It is useful nonetheless to think of the global economic crisis as consisting of two very different crises: a banking-and-balance-sheet crisis in the over-indebted advanced nations (especially the US and UK), on one hand, and an expectations-crisis in most of the rest of the world on the other hand. In the US, UK and some other G7 nations, the damage done by the bursting subprime bubble is still being felt. Their financial systems are still under severe strain. Bank lending is sluggish and corporate-debt issuances are problematic. Extraordinary direct interventions by central banks in the capital markets are underpinning the economic recovery. For these nations, the crisis – specifically the Subprime Crisis – has caused lasting damage. Banks, firms and individuals who over-leveraged during what they thought was the †great moderation† are now holding back on consumption and investment in an attempt to redress their balance sheets (Bean 2009). This could play itself out like the lost decade Japan experienced in the 1990s (Leijonhufvud 2009, Kobayashi 2008); also see the chapter by Michael Ferrantino and Aimee Larsen. For most nations in the world, however, this is not a financial crisis – it is a trade crisis. Many have reacted by instituting fiscal stimuli of historic proportions, but their banks and consumers are in relatively good shape, having avoided the overleveraging in the post tech-wreck period (2001-2007) that afflicted many of the G7 economies. The critical question is whether the damage to the G7’s financial systems will prevent a rapid recovery of demand and a restoration of confidence that will re-start the investment engine. In absence of a crystal ball, the chapter by Baldwin and Taglioni undertakes simple simulations that assume trade this time recovers at the pace it did in the past three global trade contractions (1974, 1982 and 2001). In those episodes, trade recovered to its pre-crisis path 2 to 4 quarters after the nadir. Assuming that 2009Q2 was the bottom of the great trade collapse – again an assumption that would require a crystal ball to confirm – this means trade would be back on track by mid 2010. Forecasts are never better than the assumptions on which they are built, so such calculations must be viewed as what-if scenarios rather than serious forecasts. Implications What does the great trade collapse mean for the world economy? The authors of this Ebook present a remarkable consensus on this. Three points are repeatedly stressed: †¢Global trade imbalances are a problem that needs to be tackled. One group of authors (see the chapters by Fred Bergsten, by Anne Krueger, and by Jeff Frieden) sees them as one the root causes of the Subprime Crisis. They worry that allowing them to continue is setting up the world for another global economic crisis. Fred Bergsten in particular argues that the US must get its federal budget deficit in order to avoid laying the carpet for the next crisis. Another group points to the combination of Asian trade surpluses and persistent high unemployment in the US and Europe as a source of protectionist pressures (see the chapters by Caroline Freund, by Simon Evenett, and by Richard Baldwin and Daria Taglioni). The chapter by O’Rourke notes that avoiding a protectionist backlash will require that the slump ends soon, and that severe exchange rate misalignments at a time of rising unemployment are avoided. †¢Governments should guard against compliancy in their vigil against protectionism. Most authors mention the point that while new protectionism to date has had a modest trade effect, things need not stay that way. The chapter by Simon Evenett is particularly clear on this point. There is much work to be done before economists fully understand the great trade collapse, but the chapters in this Ebook constitute a first draft of the consensus that will undoubtedly emerge from the pages of scientific journals in two or three years’ time. Footnotes 1 See Di Giovanni and Levchenko (2009) for evidence on how the shock was transmitted via international production networks. This is drawn from Baldwin and Taglioni (2009). 3 Jon Eaton, Sam Kortum, Brent Neiman and John Romalis make similar arguments with data from many nations in an unpublished manuscript dated October 2009. 4 See the excellent timeline of the crisis by the New York Fed. 5 Caballero (2009a, b) and Blanchard (2009). References Auboin, Marc (2009). â€Å"The challenges of trade financing†, VoxEU. o rg, 28 January 2009. Baldwin, Richard (1988). â€Å"Hysteresis in Import Prices: The Beachhead Effect†, American Economic Review, 78, 4, pp 773-785, 1988. Baldwin, Richard and Daria Taglioni (2009). â€Å"The illusion of improving global imbalances†, VoxEU. org, 14 November 2009. Bean, Charles (2009). â€Å"The Great Moderation, the Great Panic and the Great Contraction†, Schumpeter Lecture, European Economic Association, Barcelona, 25 August 2009. Blanchard, Olivier (2009). â€Å"(Nearly) nothing to fear but fear itself†, Economics Focus column, The Economist print edition, 29 January 2009. Caballero, Ricardo (2009a). â€Å"A global perspective on the great financial insurance run: Causes, consequences, and solutions (Part 2)†, VoxEU. rg, 23 January 2009. Caballero, Ricardo (2009b). â€Å"Sudden financial arrest†, VoxEU. org, 17 November 2009. Di Giovanni, Julian and Andrei Levchenko (2009). †International trade, vertical production linkages, and the transmission of shocks†, VoxEU. org, 11 November 2009. Freund, Caroline (2009a). â€Å"The Trade Response to Global Crises: Historical Evidence†, World Bank working paper. Gros, Daniel and Stefano Micossi (2009). â€Å"The beginning of the end game†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , VoxEU. org, 20 September 2008. Kobayashi, Keiichiro (2008). Financial crisis management: Lessons from Japan’s failure†, VoxEU. org, 27 October 2008. Leijonhufvud, Axel (2009). â€Å"No ordinary recession†, VoxEU. org, 13 February 2009. Rose, Andrew and Mark Spiegel (2009). â€Å"Searching for international contagion in the 2008 financial crisis†, VoxEU. org, 3 October 2009. Yi, Kei-Mu (2009), â€Å"The collapse of global trade: The role of vertical specialisation†, in Baldwin and Evenett (eds), The collapse of global trade, murky protectionism, and the crisis: Recommendations for the G20, a VoxEU publication. How to cite The Great Trade Collapse: What Caused It and What Does It Mean, Papers

Does CompStat Reduce Crime free essay sample

Compstat (short for computer statistics or comparative statistics) originated in the new york city police department (NYPD) in 1994 when william bratton was police commissioner. Compstat is a comprehensive, city-wide database that records all reported crimes or complaints, arrests, and summonses issued in each of the city’s 76 precincts. City officials had previously believed that crime could not be prevented by better information and analytical tools but instead by using more foot patrols in neighborhoods along with the concept of â€Å"community policing† in which efforts were made to strengthen the involvement of community groups. In contrast, bratton and rudy giuliani, then the mayor of new york city, believed that police could be more effective in reducing crime if operational decisions took place at the precinct level and if decision makers had better information. Precinct commanders were in a better position than police headquarters to understand the spesific needs of the communities they served and to direct the work of the 200 to 400 police officers they managed. We will write a custom essay sample on Does CompStat Reduce Crime? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Compstat gave precinct commanders more authority and responsibility, but also more accountability. At weekly meetings, representatives from each of the NYPD’s precincts, service areas, and transit districts are put on the â€Å"hot seat’ at police headquarters and required to provide a statistical summary of the week’s crime complaint, arrest and summons activity, as well as significant cases, crime patterns, and police activities. Commanders must explain what has been done to reduce crime in the districts under their command, and if crime has gone up, they must explain why. Commanders are held directly accountable for reducing crime in their area of command. In the past, they were evaluated primarily on the basis of their administrative skills, such as staying within budget and deploying resources efficiently. The data these commanders provide, including spesific times and locations of crimes and enforcement activities, are forwarded to the NYPD’s compstat unit where they are loaded into a city-wide database. The system analyzes the data and produces a weekly compstat report on crime complaint and arrest activity at the precinct, patrol borough, and city wide levels. The data are summarized by week, prior 30 days, and year-to-date for comparison with the previous year’s activity and for establishing trends. The compstat unit also issues weekly commander profile reports to measure the performance of precinct commanders. The weekly commander profile reports include information on the commander’s date of appointment, years in rank, education and specialized training, most recent performance evaluation rating, the units that person previously commanded, the amount of overtime generated by police under that commander, absence rates, community demographics, and civilian complaints. Using mapinfo geographic information system (GIS) software, the compstat data can be displayed on maps showing crime and arrest location, crime†hot spots†, and other relevant information. Comparative charts, tables, and graphs can also be projected simultaneously. These visual presentations help precinct commanders and members of the NYPD’s executive staff to quickly identify patterns and trends. Depending on the intelligence gleaned from the system, police chiefs and captains develop a targeted strategy for fighting crime, such as dispatching more foot patrols to high-crime neighborhoods, or isuuing warnings to the public when a particular model of vehicle is susceptible to theft. During bratton’s 27-month tenure, serious crime in new york dropped by 25% and homicides went down by 44%. Crime in new york city has dropped by 69% in the last 12 years. Skeptics do not believe that compstat was responsible for these results. They point to the decline in the number of young, poor men, an improved economy, programs that reduced welfare rolls while giving poor people access to better housing, increasing the size of the NYC police force, and giving precinct commanders more decision making responsibility and accountability. Nevertheless, bratton, convinced that compstat was the catalyst for new york’s drop in crime, imlemented the system in los angeles to further prove its worth. Since the introduction of compstat, combined violent and property crimes in los angeles dropped for six consecutive years. Yet the ratio of police officers to residents is only half that of new york and chicago. Compstat has also been adopted in philadelphia, austin, san fransisco, baltimore, and vancouver, british columbia. Skeptics point out that crime has fallen in all urban areas in the united states since 1990 regardless of whether the cities used compstat. In fact, a critical study of compstat by the police foundation found that compstat encouraged police to be only reactive rather than pro-active in fighting crime. Sending police to where crime has become a problem is, in other words, too late. Compstat encouraged what the police foundation called â€Å"whack-a-mole† theory of policing, similar to the game played in amusement parks. Rather than change police departments into nimble crime fighters, the foundation found that a database had been attached to traditional organizations, which themselves remained unchanged. Because of the emphasis placed on reducing crime and because of the newfound importance of crime statistics to officers careers, compstat has created pressure on some precinct commanders to manipulate crime statistics to produce favorable results. Officers must continue to improve their crime statistics, despite shrinking budgets and dwindling numbers of officers. A study conducted in 2009 via a questionnaire given to 1200 retired police captains and more senior officers concluded that nearly a third of respondents were aware of unethical manipulation of crime data. More than 100 survey respondents said that intense pressure to produce annual crime reductions led some supervisors and precinct commanders to manipulate crime statistics. For example, officers were known to check catalogs, ebay, and other sites for items similar to those reported stolen, looking for lower prices they could use to reduce the values of the stolen goods for record-keeping purposes. Grand larceny, a felony, is considered to be theft of goods valued at $1000 or more, whereas theft of goods valued at less than $1000 is only a misdemeanor. Using this method, precincts could reduce the number of felony thefts, considered an â€Å"index crime† and tracked by compstat. Surveys and anecdotal evidence also indicated a lack of receptiveness on the aprt of police in some areas, possibly motivated by a desire to reduce the number of crime incidents reported. Some survey respondents state the precinct commanders or aides dispatched to cime scenes sometimes tried to persuade victims not to file complaints or urged them to change their accounts of what happened in ways that could downgrade offenses to lesser crimes. Previous studies of compstat encountered an unwillingness by the NYPD to disclose their data reporting methods. A professor performing a study that ultimately praised compstat’s influence on crime on new york city was given full access to NYPD crime data, but the NYPD did not cooperate with the commission to combat police corruption (CCPC), an independent board that monitors police corruption. The commission sought subpoena power to demand the NYPD turn over its data and data collection procedures to uncover potential wrong doing by the police. Unfortunately, the commission was enied access to this data after strong police department opposition. On the other hand, versions of compstat have been adopted by hundreds of other police departments across the united states, and the compstat approach has been credited with improving police work in many cities, in new york city itself, much of the public believes that crime is down, and that the city has become a safer and more pleasan t place to live. Case study questions 1. what management, organization, and technology factors make compstat effective? 2. can police departments effectively combat crime without the compstat system? Is community policing incompatible with compstat? Explain your answer. 3. why would officers misreport certain data to compstat? What should be done about the misreporting of data? How can it be detected? Apakah CompStat mengurangi kejahatan? CompStat (singkatan statistik komputer atau statistik komparatif) berasal york city kepolisian baru (NYPD) pada tahun 1994 ketika william Bratton adalah komisaris polisi. CompStat adalah komprehensif, database yang kota-lebar yang mencatat semua kejahatan yang dilaporkan atau keluhan, penangkapan, dan surat panggilan yang dikeluarkan di masing-masing kota 76 daerah sekitar. Pejabat kota sebelumnya percaya bahwa kejahatan tidak dapat dicegah dengan informasi yang lebih baik dan alat-alat analisis melainkan dengan menggunakan patroli kaki lebih di lingkungan bersama dengan konsep community policing di mana upaya yang dilakukan untuk memperkuat keterlibatan kelompok masyarakat. Sebaliknya, Bratton dan Rudy Giuliani, maka walikota new york city, percaya bahwa polisi bisa lebih efektif dalam mengurangi kejahatan jika keputusan operasional berlangsung di tingkat polisi dan informasi jika pengambil keputusan lebih baik. Komandan polisi berada dalam posisi yang lebih baik daripada markas polisi untuk memahami kebutuhan spesifik dari masyarakat yang mereka layani dan untuk mengarahkan pekerjaan polisi 200 hingga 400 mereka berhasil. CompStat memberi komandan polisi lebih wewenang dan tanggung jawab, tetapi juga akuntabilitas. Pada pertemuan mingguan, perwakilan dari masing-masing daerah sekitar NYPD, area layanan, dan kabupaten angkutan diletakkan pada kursi panas di markas olisi dan diminta untuk memberikan ringkasan statistik pengaduan kejahatan minggu, penangkapan dan aktivitas panggilan, serta kasus-kasus penting, pola kejahatan, dan kegiatan polisi. Komandan harus menjelaskan apa yang telah dilakukan untuk mengurangi kejahatan di distrik-distrik di bawah komando mereka, dan jika kejahatan sudah naik, mereka harus menjelaskan mengapa. Komandan yang bertanggungjawab secara langsung terhadap mengurangi kejahatan di daerah mereka perintah. Di masa lalu, mereka dievaluasi terutama berdasarkan kemampua n administratif mereka, seperti tinggal di dalam anggaran dan menggunakan sumber daya secara efisien. Data ini memberikan komandan, termasuk waktu dan lokasi spesifik dari kejahatan dan kegiatan penegakan hukum, akan diteruskan ke unit CompStat NYPD mana mereka dimuat ke dalam database kota-lebar. Sistem ini menganalisis data dan menghasilkan laporan CompStat mingguan keluhan kejahatan dan kegiatan penangkapan di kantor polisi, patroli borough, dan tingkat luas kota. Data dirangkum dalam satu minggu, 30 hari sebelumnya, dan tahun-to-date untuk perbandingan dengan kegiatan tahun sebelumnya dan untuk menetapkan tren. Unit CompStat juga mengeluarkan laporan mingguan komandan profil untuk mengukur kinerja komandan polisi. Laporan mingguan Komandan profil mencakup informasi tentang tanggal komandan pengangkatan, tahun pangkat, pendidikan dan pelatihan khusus, terbaru kinerja Peringkat evaluasi, unit orang yang sebelumnya diperintahkan, jumlah lembur yang dihasilkan oleh polisi di bawah bahwa komandan, tingkat absensi, demografi masyarakat, dan keluhan sipil. Menggunakan MapInfo sistem informasi geografis (GIS) software, data CompStat dapat ditampilkan pada peta yang menunjukkan kejahatan dan lokasi penangkapan, kejahatan hot spot, dan informasi lain yang relevan. Perbandingan grafik, tabel, dan grafik juga dapat diproyeksikan secara bersamaan. Ini presentasi visual yang membantu komandan polisi dan anggota staf eksekutif NYPD untuk dengan cepat mengidentifikasi pola dan tren. Tergantung pada intelijen yang diperoleh dari sistem, kepala polisi dan kapten mengembangkan strategi ditargetkan untuk memerangi kejahatan, seperti pengiriman patroli kaki lebih ke lingkungan-kejahatan yang tinggi, atau isuuing peringatan kepada masyarakat saat model tertentu kendaraan rentan terhadap pencurian. Selama masa Bratton 27 bulan, kejahatan serius di new york turun sebesar 25% dan pembunuhan turun sebesar 44%. Kejahatan di new york city telah menurun sebesar 69% dalam 12 tahun terakhir. Skeptis tidak percaya bahwa CompStat bertanggung jawab atas hasil ini. Mereka menunjuk ke penurunan jumlah anak muda, laki-laki miskin, ekonomi membaik, program yang mengurangi gulungan kesejahteraan masyarakat miskin sambil memberikan akses ke perumahan yang lebih baik, meningkatkan ukuran dari kepolisian NYC, dan memberikan komandan polisi lebih pengambilan keputusan dan tanggung jawab akuntabilitas. Namun demikian, Bratton, yakin bahwa CompStat merupakan katalisator untuk penurunan new york dalam kejahatan, imlemented sistem di los angeles untuk lebih membuktikan nilainya. Sejak diperkenalkannya CompStat, dikombinasikan kejahatan kekerasan dan properti di los angeles turun selama enam tahun berturut-turut. Namun rasio polisi terhadap penduduk adalah hanya setengah dari new york dan Chicago. CompStat juga telah diadopsi di philadelphia, austin, san fransisco, baltimore, dan vancouver, british columbia. Skeptis menunjukkan bahwa kejahatan telah jatuh di semua wilayah perkotaan di negara bersatu sejak tahun 1990 terlepas dari a akah kota digunakan CompStat. Bahkan, sebuah studi kritis CompStat oleh yayasan polisi menemukan bahwa CompStat mendorong polisi untuk hanya reaktif daripada proaktif dalam memerangi kejahatan. Mengirim polisi untuk di mana kejahatan telah menjadi masalah adalah, dengan kata lain, terlambat. CompStat mendorong apa dasar polisi disebut mendera-a-mole teori ke polisian, mirip dengan permainan yang dimainkan di taman hiburan. Daripada perubahan departemen kepolisian menjadi pejuang kejahatan gesit, yayasan menemukan bahwa database telah melekat pada organisasi tradisional, yang sendiri tetap tidak berubah. Karena penekanan pada mengurangi kejahatan dan karena pentingnya baru ditemukan tindak kriminal kepada petugas karier, CompStat telah menciptakan tekanan pada beberapa komandan polisi untuk memanipulasi statistik kejahatan untuk menghasilkan hasil yang positif. Petugas harus terus meningkatkan statistik kejahatan mereka, meskipun menyusut anggaran dan berkurangnya jumlah petugas. Sebuah studi yang dilakukan pada tahun 2009 melalui kuesioner yang diberikan kepada 1200 kapten pensiunan polisi dan perwira yang lebih senior menyimpulkan bahwa hampir sepertiga dari responden menyadari manipulasi etis data kejahatan. Lebih dari 100 responden survei mengatakan bahwa tekanan kuat untuk menghasilkan pengurangan kejahatan tahunan menyebabkan beberapa supervisor dan komandan polisi untuk memanipulasi statistik kejahatan. Misalnya, petugas diketahui untuk memeriksa katalog, ebay, dan situs lainnya untuk item yang sama dengan yang dilaporkan dicuri, mencari harga yang lebih rendah bisa mereka gunakan untuk mengurangi nilai barang yang dicuri untuk tujuan menyimpan catatan. Pencurian berat, kejahatan besar, dianggap pencurian barang senilai $ 1000 atau lebih, sedangkan pencurian barang senilai kurang dari $ 1000 hanya kejahatan ringan. Dengan menggunakan metode ini, daerah sekitar dapat mengurangi jumlah pencurian kejahatan, dianggap sebagai kejahatan index dan dilacak oleh CompStat. Survei dan bukti anekdotal juga menunjukkan kurangnya keterbukaan di aprt polisi di beberapa daerah, mungkin didorong oleh keinginan untuk mengurangi jumlah insiden kejahatan yang dilaporkan. Beberapa responden survei menyatakan komandan polisi atau pembantu dikirim ke Cime adegan kadang-kadang mencoba membujuk korban untuk tidak mengajukan keluhan atau mendesak mereka untuk mengubah account mereka dari apa yang terjadi dengan cara yang bisa menurunkan tindak pidana kejahatan ringan. Studi sebelumnya CompStat mengalami keengganan oleh NYPD untuk mengungkapkan data mereka metode pelaporan. Seorang profesor melakukan penelitian yang pada akhirnya memuji pengaruh CompStat pada kejahatan di new york city diberi akses penuh ke data kejahatan NYPD, tetapi NYPD tidak bekerja sama dengan komisi untuk memerangi korupsi polisi (CCPC), suatu lembaga yang independen yang memantau korupsi polisi. Komisi mencari kekuatan subpoena untuk menuntut pergantian NYPD atas data dan prosedur pengumpulan data untuk mengungkap potensi perbuatan salah oleh polisi. Sayangnya, komisi itu ditolak akses ke data ini setelah oposisi kepolisian yang kuat. Di sisi lain, versi CompStat telah diadopsi oleh ratusan polisi departemen lain di seluruh negara bersatu, dan pendekatan CompStat telah dikreditkan dengan meningkatkan kerja polisi di banyak kota, di kota new york sendiri, banyak masyarakat percaya bahwa kejahatan turun, dan bahwa kota ini menjadi tempat yang lebih aman dan lebih menyenangkan untuk hidup. Pertanyaan studi kasus 1. faktor apa manajemen, organisasi, dan teknologi membuat CompStat efektif? 2. dapat departemen kepolisian secara efektif memerangi kejahatan tanpa sistem CompStat? Apakah perpolisian masyarakat sesuai dengan CompStat? Jelaskan jawaban Anda. 3. mengapa petugas salah melaporkan data-data tertentu ke CompStat? Apa yang harus dilakukan tentang misreporting data?